SQUAT Research Brief No. 1: Ending open defecation requires changing minds

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Despite large government and NGO programs, despite substantially increased public spending on sanitation, and despite sustained economic growth, open defecation is declining very, very slowly in rural “Hindi heartland” north India. Widespread resistance to using simple latrines in the rural north Indian plains states is a human development crisis and a serious puzzle: this is exactly the place on earth where open defecation is most common and where high population density most raises the human and economic costs of open defecation.
Over the past few weeks, I visited India for the first time, primarily to work on a research project about the economic effects of sanitation. During that time, I had the chance to visit several villages in northern India, starting with one that won the "Nirmal Gram Puraskar" clean village prize for being open defecation free a few years ago.
The 13th meeting of the UK’s Sanitation Community of Practice was held on Wednesday 20th November 2013 at Cranfield University. The rationale for the meeting is to draw upon DFID’s 2013 WASH evidence paper, which argues that behaviour change for hygiene and sanitation, especially at scale, is a key evidence gap in the sector. The aims of the day were as follows:
Yesterday was my last day with the team in Rewari, Haryana. Sangita, Nikhil, Nidhi and I had finished up collecting qualitative data to try to understand latrine adoption in the last 10 years. Thanks to our friendly respondents, many of whom were willing to have their interviews recorded, we have lots of interesting findings about latrine adoption and use, and some really fun quotations. But the findings of the “switching study” in Haryana will have to wait for another day.