Sanitation and stunting in India: Undernutrition's blind spot

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It is widely accepted that India’s “Total Sanitation Campaign has been a failure”.
In 2001 rural sanitation coverage was 22%. In 2011, ten years of Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) later, the Government of India claimed that coverage was 68%. But recent Census data revealed that real coverage was only 31%. This means that less than one in five toilets reportedly constructed is in place.
Research conducted in 2010 in East Java to identify factors associated with achieving and sustaining behavior change by communities to become ODF shows that communities achieving ODF status within two months of triggering achieved markedly higher access gains. In addition, evidence from environmental observation, latrine ownership records, reported usage, and observation of facility maintenance show that 95 percent of the quickly ODF communities had sustained their behavior change 4 to 28 months after ODF declaration. Factors associated with quickly ODF communities include high social capital, high-quality CLTS triggering, access to latrine supplies, easy payment terms, absence of external subsidy packages to a few households out of all, and regular monitoring. These quickly ODF communities represent the most efficient model for scaling up sustainably.
Nilanjana Mukherjee (WSP, 2011)
In 2010, IDS commissioned a small study on the sustainability of Himachal Pradesh’s efforts in rural sanitation in the last few years. Deepak Sanan, Principal Secretary to the Government of Himachal Pradesh for the Departments of Energy, Urban Development, Town and Country Planning and Housing designed the survey and trained Pradeep Chauhan and Vinod Rana who then co-ordinated the survey work. Vinod Rana carried out the data analysis.
Short summary of a study by Engineers without Borders which looked at whether CLTS is truly effective at creating ODF villages, sustainability of behaviour change and areas for improvement during post-triggering activities and follow in TA Mkanda, Malawi.
Engineers without Borders, Canada, October 2010
Findings of a study of SLTS programs run by ENPHO, NRCS, DTO and DWSS, the four SLTS facilitating organizations in Chitwan, Nepal’s Sanitation Model District. Based on four case studies, the report discusses how financial and participation mechanisms, institutional involvement, and technical support, as well as local factors, influence SLTS outcomes. The report also shares challenges identified in the case studies and provides recommendations for improving the approach.
Review of Concern Worldwide’s CLTS pilot programme in the north
east of Laos. The review was carried out by SNV and Concern Worldwide in
September 2009.
Plan Ethiopia ‘s Newsletter of Action Research for Scaling up Community-Managed Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Services