The USAID/Uganda Strengthening Decentralisation for Sustainability (SDS) Program's WASH component and the Northern Uganda Development of Enhanced Local Governance, Infrastructure and Livelihoods (NUDEILS) Program brough innovative approaches to supplying WASH services and infrastructure through existing Distric Local Governmnet systems in Southwestern and Northern Uganda respectively. The SDS Program's WASH component focused on increasing the flow of resources, both human and financial, into existing District programs.

Post-ODF follow up is central to sustaining ODF status, and needs to be integrated into CLTS programming from the outset. This paper explores who is to carry out these activities and how they might be motivated and financed. It argues for the importance of identifying existing administrative and social structures prior to implementation.

Training and capacity building are long established critical components of global water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) policies, strategies, and programs. Expanding capacity building support for WaSH in developing countries is one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals. There are many training evaluation methods and tools available. However, training evaluations in WaSH have been infrequent, have often not utilized these methods and tools, and have lacked rigor.

Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a participatory approach to addressing open defecation that has demonstrated success in previous studies, yet there is no research on how implementation arrangements and context change effectiveness. UNC used a quasi-experimental study design to compare two interventions in Ethiopia: conventional CLTS in which health workers and local leaders provided facilitation and an alternative approach in which teachers provided facilitation.

This Field Note focuses on the southern region of Madagascar and documents how the region is transitioning from a 100% open defecation to a 100% ODF (Open Defecation Free) region. The southern region is one of the poorest regions in the country and characterized by restrictive, traditional beliefs as well as a rigid hierarchy of power and influence, which contribute towards the failure of development projects in this region.