Resources: research

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Plan International USA Receives $7 Million Grant for Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) Research Project in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Ghana

In September 2011, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation awarded Plan International USA a four-year $7 million dollar learning and implementation grant to determine how to best introduce Community-Led Total Sanitation solutions in developing countries. Research and testing will be conducted on new and specifically designed projects in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Ghana and will examine the CLTS approach, ultimately aiming to uncover ways to make it more scalable and cost-effective.
Factors Associated with Achieving and Sustaining Open Defecation Free Communities: Learning from East Java

Research conducted in 2010 in East Java to identify factors associated with achieving and sustaining behavior change by communities to become ODF shows that communities achieving ODF status within two months of triggering achieved markedly higher access gains.
Shit Matters: The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation

New publication on Community-led Total Sanitation
Survey of Recent Sanitation Achievement in Himachal Pradesh

In 2010, IDS commissioned a small study on the sustainability of Himachal Pradesh’s efforts in rural sanitation in the last few years. Deepak Sanan, Principal Secretary to the Government of Himachal Pradesh for the Departments of Energy, Urban Development, Town and Country Planning and Housing designed the survey and trained Pradeep Chauhan and Vinod Rana who then co-ordinated the survey work. Vinod Rana carried out the data analysis.
SNV Vietnam: sanitation demand creation- a strengths-based review

SNV carried out a participatory review of their Sanitation Demand and
Behaviour Change activities in North-West Vietnam in 2010. SNV has been piloting Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in Vietnam as part of the National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation II since 2008 as a tool for sanitation demand creation. Ahead of the CLTS scale-up, SNV conducted this review of the pilot activities to understand factors that generated success within the pilot, so that these could be replicated in the expanded program, and also to build shared understanding and enthusiasm with partners for the scale-up activities.
TA Mkanda CLTS Research Summary

Short summary of a study by Engineers without Borders which looked at whether CLTS is truly effective at creating ODF villages, sustainability of behaviour change and areas for improvement during post-triggering activities and follow in TA Mkanda, Malawi.

Engineers without Borders, Canada, October 2010
Sustainability and equity aspects of total sanitation programmes: A study of recent WaterAid-supported programmes in three countries

Over 2008/09, WaterAid completed a multi-country research study exploring sustainability and equity aspects of community led sanitation initiatives (Community led total sanitation, CLTS) in Bangladesh, Nepal and Nigeria.

The purpose of the study was to contribute to the global understanding of community-wide open defecation-free approaches, with a focus on the extent to which these approaches result in sustained and equitable improvements in sanitation behaviour.
Towards total sanitation: Socio-cultural barriers and triggers to total sanitation in West Africa

WaterAid (2009)
This report documents the results of studies on open defecation in rural communities and the cultural values that reinforce its practise carried out by WaterAid in four West African countries — Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria.
Liquid Dynamics: Rethinking Sustainability in Water and Sanitation @ World Water Week

In Stockholm for World Water Week ? World Water Week

Please join the STEPS Centre’s water team led by Dr Lyla Mehta for lunchtime coffee and cake, straight after the Closing Plenary on Friday 21st August.
What Communication and Institutional Arrangements Influence Sanitation Related Social Norms in Rural India?

Dyalchand, Ashok, Khale, Manisha and S. Vasudevan (2009)

This paper which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation explores effective strategies for initiating social change in sanitation behaviours from a social norms perspective examining the question: “What components of a communication strategy influence sanitation behaviours and how are they mediated?”
Impact of Rural Sanitation on Water Quality and Water Borne Diseases
Manisha Khale and Ashok Dyalchand (2009)

This paper which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation looks at the impact of the CLTS approach on rural sanitation by comparing access to toilets at the family level, toilet use, open defecation (OD) rates, quality of drinking water and the impact of these on health as measured by reported prevalence of diarrhoea and worm infestation in children under the age of six in three types of villages:
- Villages where the sanitation programme was implemented through a Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) strategy.
- Villages where sanitation programme was implemented through a Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) strategy
- Villages with no sanitation improvement programme in the recent past.
Report from the IDS Conference on CLTS (16th-18th December 2008)

From the 16th- to 18th December 2008, IDS held a conference on CLTS which formed part of the DFID-funded project Going to Scale: The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation in which IDS has been engaged in over the last few years. The conference marked the end of the Year of Sanitation 2008 and presented some of the research findings, as well as being an opportunity to share and learn from experiences of CLTS / sanitation with a wide audience from around the world and to tease out implications for wider development agendas.
The Sanitation Story of the Millennium: The India Chapter

Deepak Sanan (2009)

This paper which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation traces the history of CLTS in India.

COMING SOON
Community-Led Total Sanitation and its Successors in Bangladesh: 3 Case Studies

Howes, Mick and Huda, Enamul (2009)

These three case studies which form part of the IDS research project “Going to Scale?
Institutions, Incentives and Politics: CLTS in India and Indonesia

Anu Joshi (2009)

The study which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale: The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation focuses on some of the institutional issues that emerge as significant in understanding the adoption, spread and institutionalization of CLTS within public bureaucracies.
Shit Matters: Community-Led Total Sanitation and the Sanitation Challenge for the 21st Century

Lyla Mehta (2009)

This is a DRAFT. The final paper will appear in the forthcoming book (due to be published by Practical Action in late 2010) edited by Lyla Mehta and Synne Movik.
Please do not cite without permission of the author.

This paper which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation situates CLTS in history and within the context of wider sanitation debates.
CLTS- Learning from Communities in Indonesia

Owin Jamasy and Nina Shatifan (2009)

This paper forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation. Based on villagers’ experiences in nine villages that have used the CLTS approach, it seeks to identify factors that have promoted or hindered progress. It concludes that there is no single factor that determines success but rather a constellation of facilitating factors supported by village level leadership.
Natural Leaders Emerged Through CLTS Approach In Bangladesh (Profile and Market Promotion)

Enamul Huda (2009)

This paper which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation draws up a profile of Natural Leaders (NL) in Bangladesh and explores their market promotion. It is based on data collected through action research with NGOs such as CARE-SDU, VERC and Dishari (DAM-Plan Bangladesh).
Hunger, Subsidies and Process Facilitation: Challenges for Community-Led Total Sanitation in Bangladesh

Anowarul Haq and Brigitta Bode (2009)

This paper which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation discusses key dynamics around the Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach in CARE Bangladesh’ Nijeder Janyia Nijera (We for Ourselves) project. CLTS is a powerful approach to achieve sanitation and can be used as an entry point to build solidarity and provide a platform for other development initiatives.
Institutional Dimensions of Scaling Up CLTS in Indonesia

Edy Priyono, AKADEMIKA-Center for Public Policy Analysis (2009)

The study which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale: The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation focuses on the institutional dimensions of scaling up of CLTS in Indonesia. The research paper explores the impacts of institutional arrangements on CLTS in terms of speed of implementation, success of implementation and spread.
The CLTS Story in Indonesia: Empowering communities, transforming institutions, furthering decentralization

Nilanjana Mukherjee and Nina Shatifan (2009)

This paper which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation traces the history of CLTS in Indonesia and discusses the way forward to fully realize its potential not only as a tool for sanitation but to support the broader decentralization agenda in the country.
Doing CLTS in a Countrywide Program Context in India: Public Good v Private Good

Nisheeth Kumar and J.P.Shukla, Knowledge Links (2009)

This paper which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation examines the factors that have been instrumental in adoption and spread of CLTS in India. It mainly looks at two aspects, those factors internal to the CLTS process of training and triggering on the one hand, and those external to CLTS and located within the larger operating environment, on the other.
Community Led Total Sanitation in Bangladesh: Chronicles of a People’s Movement

Shafiul Azam Ahmed (2009)

This study which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation traces the development and history of CLTS in Bangladesh. It details the political economy at work behind CLTS’s fast transition from a local approach to a national intervention. The paper presents a number of challenges that CLTS now faces in Bangladesh, in particular with regard to scaling up.
Social Dynamics of CLTS: Inclusion of children, women and vulnerable

Amina Mahbub (2009)

This study which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation looks at the intensity and significance of the participation of women and children in CLTS processes in several villages of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. It also seeks to identify the extent of inclusion of the extreme poor and marginalised in the process and their experience over time.
Going to Scale with Community-led Total Sanitation: Reflections on Experience, Issues and Ways Forward

Robert Chambers (March 2009)

In this IDS Practice Paper, which forms part of the action learning component of the project Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation, Robert Chambers reviews the experience gained with CLTS in Asia and Africa as it has spread over the last few years, explores options and ways forward for the future.

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